The two-time defending champion was pushed into a third set for the first time at this year's tournament and appeared close to elimination after falling 4-2 behind. Noskova then moved 2-0 ahead in the deciding tie-break, leaving Sabalenka facing a shock quarter-final exit.
However, the Belarusian responded with remarkable composure to complete a 7-6 (7-1), 3-6, 7-6 (10-7) victory in just under two and a half hours.
The win extended Sabalenka's unbeaten run at Flushing Meadows to 19 matches. She has not lost at the tournament since the 2023 final and has now reached six consecutive US Open semi-finals, becoming the first woman since Serena Williams in 2016 to achieve that feat.
Sabalenka will temporarily retain the world number one ranking following her victory. However, Elena Rybakina can take the top spot if the world number two defeats Zheng Qinwen on Wednesday, regardless of how far Sabalenka progresses from this point.
The top seed will face either American third seed Jessica Pegula or compatriot Emma Navarro in the semi-finals as she attempts to reach her fourth straight US Open final.
Sabalenka has previously struggled to control her emotions during major tournaments, including her French Open quarter-final defeat after leading by a set. However, she once again demonstrated resilience against Noskova, following a similar comeback in her previous match against Taylor Townsend.
"I'm speechless right now," Sabalenka said. "I was pushing to the limit in this match, especially in the third set. I honestly thought that's it, the match is over, but probably that's what helped me to feel loose and go after my shots."
Sabalenka started strongly, breaking Noskova early and taking a 5-2 lead before failing to serve out the opening set. She recovered to dominate the tie-break but struggled with her serve during the second set.
Noskova capitalised on Sabalenka's mistakes to force a decider, but the defending champion responded by winning three straight games after falling 4-2 behind.
Sabalenka then maintained her perfect record in US Open tie-breaks since 2021, winning her 10th in a row and sealing the comeback with a second-serve ace.
For Noskova, the loss ended an 11-match Grand Slam singles winning streak despite an impressive performance.
